<p>Rush Lake  is a shallow saline lake in Tooele County in the USA state of Utah. It is a remnant of Lake Bonneville, an ancient postglacial inland sea that covered much of the western United States during the Ice Ages. The lake is a natural impoundment of a stream that drains into the Great Salt Lake. Rush Lake varies in size, evaporating at about 2 ft per year, although occasional floods refill the lake. The average surface elevation is 4,951 ft.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake is located in a broad valley named Rush Valley near the town of Stockton and several miles south of Tooele, and is fed by snowmelt from six mountain ranges. These are the Sheeprock Mountains in the south, the East Tintic Mountains to the southeast, the Oquirrh Mountains to the east, South Mountain to the north, the Stansbury Mountains to the northwest and west, and the Onaqui Mountains to the southwest. The runoff from these mountain regions create only intermittent surface flow to the lake, but does reach it via groundwater seepage. The highest point in the watershed is Lowe Peak, at 10,590 ft. The outflow mostly consists of evaporation, and a very small amount seeps through the sandspit that impounds it from the main Great Salt Lake valley.</p><br>
<p>The lake was isolated from Lake Bonneville approximately 15,000-17,000 years ago after evaporation lowered the lake level to below the natural Stockton Bar barrier between Rush Valley and Tooele Valley. During the ice ages, Rush Valley was merely one of many arms of Lake Bonneville. After Bonneville dried up, Rush Valley contained several pluvial lakes – Shambip, Smelter, and Rush – of which only Rush Lake remains today.</p><br>
<h2>Climate and ecology</h2><br>
<p>Two major vegetation communities inhabit the Rush Lake watershed. These are sagebrush-grass and pinyon-juniper. The former is found in lower elevations and the valley floor, and the latter is found at higher elevations on the mountains along with other forms of alpine vegetation. The average annual precipitation is 10 to 40 in, and the annual frost-free season surrounding the lake ranges from 100 to 140 days. Cattle and sheep rangelands take up most of the catchment area.</p><br>
<p>The lake is inhabited by several different species of fish. These include, in order of abundance, Utah chub, carp, green sunfish, bluegill, largemouth bass, channel catfish, yellow perch, black crappie, and black bullhead. The lake has not been stocked with fish since 1988, when 71,000 largemouth bass fry were released in the lake.</p><br>
<p>Oakenshawe Historic District is a national historic district in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It comprises 334 buildings which reflect the neighborhood&#39;s development during the period 1890 to about 1926. The neighborhood evolved in two stages on the 19th century Wilson estate. The first phase of growth is represented by frame houses dating from 1890 to about 1910 reflecting vernacular interpretations of the Victorian Gothic and Italianate styles. The second stage of development began in the World War I era, when several developers transformed the property by constructing a neighborhood of brick "daylight" rowhouses in revival styles popular at the time.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Old Goucher College Buildings is a national historic district in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is an approximate 18-block area in the middle of Baltimore which developed in the late 19th and 20th centuries. It is characterized generally by two- and three-story brick row houses constructed mostly in the 19th century and several large-scale institutional and commercial buildings dating from both centuries. Stylistically, the area is characterized primarily by Italianate, Romanesque, Colonial Revival, and Art Deco influences. The district includes a series of large scale, multiple story brick and stone structures built for the Women’s College of Baltimore, present-day Goucher College. Three buildings designed by the nationally famous architect Stanford White are found here.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Utlängan is an island in the Karlskrona archipelago in Blekinge, Sweden.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is situated the furthest out to sea of any of the archipelago&#39;s islands. Only the rock of Utklippan is situated further out. Utlängan is covered in woods and meadows, and is approximately 3 km long and 1.5 km (just short of a mile) across. The island covers just over 215 hectares (530 acres). Utlängans harbour, called Stenshamn, is an island in its own right and is linked by bridge to Utlängan proper. Utlängan features a tall observation tower which was once used by the Swedish military. The island also has a lighthouse, which is found to the south. A ferry service from Torhamn links the island to the Swedish mainland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was the starting point of a medieval sailing route to Estonia, known today as King Valdemar&#39;s sailing route.</p><br>
<p>Franklintown Historic District is a national historic district in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is the result of a plan developed in 1832 by William H. Freeman , a local politician and entrepreneur. His plan evolved gradually over the course of several decades and owes its success to his untiring promotion of the village. The central feature is an oval plan with radiating lots around a central wooded park. The district includes an old stone grist mill known as Franklin Mill, the innovative radiating oval plan, and the associated hotel and commercial area.</p><br>
<p>The key residential buildings are excellent examples of the "I"-house form and display steeply pitched cross gables found in vernacular rural buildings throughout much of Maryland.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Old West Baltimore Historic District is a national historic district in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is primarily a row house neighborhood of approximately 175 city blocks directly northwest of downtown Baltimore. The district includes other housing from grand mansions to alley houses, as well as churches, public buildings , commercial buildings, and landscaped squares. Pennsylvania Avenue, the main street of the community, features a later 20th century municipal market house. Within the district are civic monuments that relate to Baltimore&#39;s premier historic African-American community. Such noteworthy figures as Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall, Congressman Parren Mitchell, jazz artist Cab Calloway, civil rights leader Lillie Mae Carroll Jackson, and Carl Murphy, editor of the Baltimore Afro-American newspaper, lived and / or worked in the area.</p><br>
<p>Old West Baltimore Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Arcadia–Beverly Hills Historic District is a national historic district in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a cohesive residential suburb comprising approximately 30 irregularly shaped blocks containing some 900 buildings. They are primarily freestanding masonry and frame houses set back from the streets with small front yards. Early-20th century suburban architectural styles represented in the district include foursquare, bungalows, early suburban villas, Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival, and Pueblo Revival. Also included are two churches, a 45 acre cemetery, and a variety of commercial buildings along Harford and Belair Roads. Herring Run Park provides a wooded park setting for the community. The earliest structure in the community was constructed in 1887, and the district had substantially achieved its existing form and appearance by 1950.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>North Central Historic District is a national historic district in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is an area of approximately 25 city blocks directly north of downtown Baltimore and includes 630 buildings. The roughly triangular-shaped, mixed-use district comprises late-19th century row housing, commercial storefronts from the turn of the 20th century through the 1950s, large industrial buildings, several older theatres, a church, and two school buildings. A broad variety of row house sizes and types reflects the diversity of the neighborhood&#39;s residents, ranging from the large and architecturally elaborate dwellings of the upper class to the small alley houses of working-class African Americans.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Old East Baltimore Historic District is a national historic district in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a mainly residential area of Baltimore City that grew up northward from the original mid-18th century settlement east of the Jones Falls, known as Jones Town, or Old Town. It comprises some 70 city blocks covering approximately 194 acre. The southern part is characterized by vernacular Greek Revival-style working-class housing, constructed in the mid-1840s to mid-1850s for the large numbers of Irish and German immigrants settling there. By the late 1880s and early 1890s all of the blocks in the historic district had been filled with substantial rowhouses showing the influence of Queen Anne and Renaissance Revival styles. The churches in the district include good examples of Italianate, Gothic, Richardsonian Romanesque, Northern European Romanesque, and French Romanesque. Two ethnic Catholic churches, St. John the Evangelist Roman Catholic Church and St. James the Less Roman Catholic Church, are listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Sydenham Hospital for Communicable Diseases, also known as Montebello State Hospital or Montebello State Chronic Disease Hospital, was a hospital and is a national historic district in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It was originally constructed in 1922-1924, and the campus consists of seven Italian Renaissance Revival style buildings: the main hospital building, the administration building, the kitchen, the nurses’ home, the laundry with servants’ quarters above, the garage, and the powerhouse. A residence for the Director of Medical Research was added in 1939. The campus was designed by noted Baltimore architect Edward Hughes Glidden.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The patient records of Sydenham Hospital are held at the National Library of Medicine and showcase nature and treatment of communicable diseases in the pre-antibiotic era.</p><br>
<p>The main hospital building was demolished in 2013 and an empty lot now sits in its place.</p><br>
<p>Central Catonsville and Summit Park Historic District is a national historic district in Catonsville, Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. It is entirely residential and consists generally of rectangular lots, the largest lots being found on Frederick Road and Newburg Avenue. These contain the earliest dwellings. The earliest, and the largest house in the district is the Gary Mansion, known as The Summit, built in the 1850s as a summer house in Second Empire style. The Summit Park subdivision takes its name from this house, and surrounds it on all sides. Structures in the district date from 1869 and extends to 1958, by which date the neighborhood had substantially achieved its present form and appearance.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Glyndon Historic District is a national historic district in Glyndon, Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. It is a turn-of-the-20th-century community northeast of Reisterstown, Maryland, that began as a summer resort. The district is residential except for a small business district located at the intersection of Butler Road and the Western Maryland Railway tracks. The Emory Grove Campground on the northern boundary is occupied in the summer. A decided architectural homogeneity exists in Glyndon representing vernacular examples of late 19th century styles. They are typically frame, -story-high cottages, with one or occasionally 2-story front porches.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Emory Grove</h2><br>
<p>Emory Grove was founded in 1868. The Hotel, which is located at Emory Grove, was originally used by tourists and people traveling on the train. The cottages were originally tents that were later modified, in the 1900s, into 1-story wood cabins with porches. The residents at Emory Grove are devouted Christians that enjoy spending summers with their families in a quiet outdoors Christian environment.</p><br>
<p>The camp ground has several historic establishments which include The Hotel, Tabernacle, and Temple. The Tabernacle is located in the center of Emory Grove. It is used for Sunday Services and Hymnals. Within the past 10 years, the members of Emory Grove have made renovations to restore both the Tabernacle and the Hotel. The Temple used to be held for bible studies and Sunday school lessons and is still used by the children. The Hotel is currently used by the residents for holiday events, celebrations, plays and special dinners.</p><br>
<p>The cottages are 1-story cabins with porches. Only one cottage at Emory Grove is two stories.</p><br>
<p>Granite Historic District is a national historic district in Granite, Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. It comprises the focus of a rural quarrying community located in the Patapsco Valley of western Baltimore County, Maryland. It includes two churches, a school, a social hall, former commercial buildings, and houses and outbuildings, representing the period from the initial settlement of the area about 1750 through the early 20th century, when the village achieved its present form. The district also includes the former Waltersville quarry, one of two major granite operations in the region during the period. Granite from the Waltersville and Fox Rock quarries was utilized in construction of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in the 1830s, and later in such projects as the Library of Congress, old Treasury Building, and parts of the inner walls of the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C., and numerous other projects in Baltimore city and county.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Green Spring Valley Historic District is a national historic district near Stevenson in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. It is a suburban area of Baltimore that acquires significance from the collection of 18th, 19th, and early 20th century buildings. The park-like setting retains a late 19th-early 20th century atmosphere. At the turn of the 20th century, the Maryland Hunt Cup and the Grand National fox hunt were run over various parts of the valley.</p><br>
<p>The buildings reflect major architectural styles popular in the United States from the Neoclassical of the 18th century to the Georgian and other revivals of the pre-1930 period and range from modest to elaborate in size. The district&#39;s Stevenson railway station is in "good repair."</p><br>
<p>Several church buildings serve as important contributing properties within the district, including St. Thomas Episcopal Church, Green Springs Methodist Church, Stevenson Methodist Church, and Saters Baptist Church. The oldest of these buildings is St. Thomas, where construction started in 1743; the landowner donated it to the communitys black church, and it came into the possession of the present congregation in 1908. The former Stevenson Methodist Church is a stone Gothic Revival building; its cornerstone was laid in 1905, although two years passed before the building was dedicated.</p><br>
<p>The district was designated and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. Its boundaries encompass 282 buildings (148 contributing and 134 non-contributing) spread over an area of 4,800 acre.</p><br>
<p>The Virginian Hotel is a historic hotel in Medicine Bow, Wyoming, United States. Construction on the hotel began in 1901 and was completed in 1911. It was built by August Grimm, the first mayor of Medicine Bow, and his partner George Plummer. The hotel is thought to be named for the famous novel written in Medicine Bow, The Virginian by Owen Wister. Although it provided a place for cowboys and railroad workers to stay while they were in town, the hotel was actually built to serve a much broader clientele. It became a headquarters for all to meet and eat as well as a setting for many business dealings.</p><br>
<p>The significance of the hotel rests upon its architecture and its history. The building is massive in size for a town the size of Medicine Bow, which has 284 residents. The hotel has served as a landmark for the town of Medicine Bow as well as a Historic Landmark for the state of Wyoming for nearly 100 years.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and architecture</h2><br>
<p>The original building is a 3½ story structure built in a freely adapted example of Renaissance Revival in the Italian Style. Its simplicity of outline and symmetrical exterior lines are evidence of its Renaissance Revival architecture. It is constructed of concrete blocks containing sand drawn from the Medicine Bow River and fashioned at the building site. Along with the significance of the size and architecture of the hotel, it boasts the first electric lights and sewer in town.</p><br>
<p>The hotel proper is papered in Victorian gold and burgundy medallion wallpaper, has velvet draperies and pressed tin on its 12 foot high ceilings. The main floor has a "Eating House," the formal "Owen Wister Dining Room," and the "Shiloh Saloon," which still has bullet holes riddled throughout to remind guests of some past shootout. The rooms have antique brass beds, tulip-shape lights are still heated by steam radiators. Only the suites have private baths, replete with claw foot bathtubs. The other rooms have access to separate bath facilities located in the halls. True to its time, the rooms in the original hotel do not have modern amenities such as telephones or televisions.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Upon completion, it was the biggest hotel between Denver and Salt Lake City. It is located midway between Laramie and Rawlins, Wyoming on the Old Lincoln Highway (USA Route 30).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On September 30, 1911, the Virginian celebrated its grand opening.</p><br>
<p>In 1957, two cement block extensions were added on the hotel; one of which was, until recently, used as living quarters for the hotel owners but now contains rental units. These newer unit have coffee makers, small refrigerators, phones, cable TV as well as their own attached bathrooms.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, the Virginian Hotel was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The hotel had a grand reopening in 1984, after it had been completely renovated and restored to its current turn of the century decor.</p><br>
<p>Mont Gerbier de Jonc is a mountain of volcanic origin located in the Massif Central in France. It is made of a type of rock called phonolite. It rises to an altitude of 1,551 m, and its base contains three springs that are the source of the Loire, France&#39;s longest river. It is the second most-visited site in the département of Ardèche, after the Ardèche Gorges.</p><br>
<p>Mont Gerbier de Jonc was formed 8 million years ago when a volcano erupted molten phonolite lava. The lava was too viscous to flow far and it cooled to form a lava dome of phonolite rock in the crater of the volcano. The lava dome has columnar jointing, which formed during cooling of the lava. The volcanic cone containing the lava dome was later eroded away, exposing the lava dome.</p><br>
<p>Lombard Street Bridge is a historic truss bridge located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is an 88-foot cast iron span consisting of three lines of trusses—two outer trusses of composite cast and wrought iron in a diagonal Pratt design and a center composite bowstring truss of Pratt-system web. It was designed in 1877 by engineer Wendel Bollman . The center bowstring is actually a bifurcated cast iron water main. This design for a bridge carrying a water line as a component of the truss bridge support itself is a unique design element of this bridge.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was dismantled and placed into storage in 1975, after it was judged that it could not handle the increased traffic on Lombard Street.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Ellicott&#39;s Mills Historic District is a national historic district at Oella, Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. It is on the east bank of the Patapsco River, opposite Ellicott City. It relates to the industrial operations of the Ellicott family from the 1770s through the mid-19th century. It consists of the sites of historic buildings including: an 18th-century building, a section of an 18th-century mill incorporated in a 20th-century factory, a 19th-century tavern, 19th-century workers housing, and an 1860 villa, united by the major east-west route in Maryland during the early 19th century, the old National Pike. Also in the district is the mammoth multi-story Wilkins-Rogers Company flour plant, which is located on the site of the 1792 Ellicott Flour Mill, the first merchant flour mill in the United States.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Rockland Historic District is a national historic district at Brooklandville, Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. It is located at the intersection of Old Court Road and Falls Road, where Old Court turns into Ruxton Road. There are 15 buildings in the area, including a general store, tavern, the shell of a blacksmith shop, a carriage house, several log buildings, a group of stone rowhouses, the Rockland Grist Mill, and an 18th-century dwelling. It is one of the surviving examples of a small, quiet, sylvan community of the early 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Rockland Grist Mill dates to at least 1810, and has been used for a variety of purposes, including manufacture of calico, cotton spinning, production of wooden toys and artificial silk, food preservation additives and jewelry cleaning solutions.</p><br>
<p>The area was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and underwent restoration in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Crook County Bank is a historic bank building in Prineville, Oregon, United States. It was built in 1910 using stone blocks from a local quarry. The building was first use as a bank and then occupied by title and insurance business until 1971, when ownership was transferred to Crook County for use as a local history museum. Today, the Crook County Bank building is the home of the A. R. Bowman Memorial Museum. Because of its importance to the history of Prineville, the Crook County Bank Building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Crook County Bank Building was built in 1910 and opened in 1911. It was the home of three different banks. It was first occupied by the Crook County Bank. When the Crook County Bank left in 1923, it was replaced by the Bank of Prineville and later the Prineville National Bank. When that bank became insolvent during the Great Depression, the building was purchased by A. R. Bowman for his title and insurance business. Bowman used the building for his various businesses from 1935 until his death in 1970.</p><br>
<p>In 1971, Bowman’s wife and their two daughters donated the Crook County Bank Building to Crook County for use as a museum. The Crook County Historical Society assumed the responsibility of operating the A. R. Bowman Memorial Museum through a contractual agreement with the county government. Initially, the museum was run by volunteers, with the county paying for utilities. In 1976, 1988 and again in 1998, Crook County voters approved tax levies that helped cover the cost of the museum staff salaries, utilities, insurance, maintenance, and capital investments. This help the museum finance a major building renovation in the 1992. In 2000, the Crook County Historical Society received a grant from Oregon’s State Historic Preservation Office to re-roof the old Crook County Bank building.</p><br>
<p>The bank is an excellent example of Prineville’s early 20th century development. Because of the its unique architecture and its importance to the history of Prineville, the Crook County Bank Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on 19 June 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Crook County Bank is located on the southeast corner of Third and Main Street in Prineville, Oregon. It is a two-story Romanesque-style building. It was constructed in 1910 using stone blocks from a local quarry located west of the Ochoco Viewpoint. This is the same quarry that provided the stone used to build the Crook County Courthouse in 1909.</p><br>
<p>After acquiring the building, the Crook County Historical Society constructed a new staircase to the second floor, replacing an old wooden stairs on the east end of the building. However, the building’s interior has not significantly changed since it was a community bank. The first floor still has the bank’s original bronze teller cages, marble counter tops, etched art-glass, gilt and alabaster chandeliers, and the mahogany paneling that were the trappings of a prestigious banking institution in the first half of the twentieth century.</p><br>
<h2>Bowman Museum</h2><br>
<p>Today, the old Crook County Bank building houses the A. R. Bowman Memorial Museum. The museum is run buy the Crook County Historical Society and highlights the history of Crook County and central Oregon. The building’s original interior has been maintained and is utilized in the museum’s floor plan. There are major sections on the City of Prineville Railroad, the local timber industry, and military history. Other exhibits include furniture, garments, photographs, and pioneer artifacts. The museum’s research room contains approximately 700 reference books on Oregon history. Researchers can investigate pioneer history, the growth of local industries, and many other subjects. The museum’s gift shop has books on local history as well as souvenirs.</p><br>
<p>My Lady&#39;s Manor is a national historic district at Monkton, Baltimore County and Jarrettsville, Harford County, Maryland, United States. It a rural or agricultural area, with one village, Monkton. Monkton first developed around a water-powered grist mill and later became a station on the Northern Central Railway. The 10,000 acre manor itself was established in 1713. Over 60 principal structures, plus numerous important outbuildings associated with them, are included in the district.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Thomas Brerewood</h2><br>
<p>Thomas Brerewood (c.1670 - 22 December 1746), was an English Gentleman and Entrepreneur. He was also a fraudster&#39; on an epic scale. The son of Thomas Brerewood (senior) of Horton, Cheshire, England. Thomas came from a wealthy and very prominent Chester family; the son of an Anglican rector and the grandson of Sir Robert Brerewood, a justice on the Court of Common Pleas during the English Civil War (1642–51). He also had a well-known professor, a mayor of Chester, and a clerk of the House of Commons in his family tree.</p><br>
<p>By 1705, when he was in his mid-thirties, Brerewood was already a man of considerable personal fortune, when he was involved in what was known as the Pitkin Affair in 1705 It was a financial scandal that rocked England. Unravelling the scam required three large insolvencies (including his bankers Coggs & Dann) and four acts of Parliament over the course of more than forty years. However, Brerewood&#39;s ability to negotiate successfully with his creditors, resulted in his Pardon, and he was fully discharged by 1709. He was thus permitted to rebuild his fortunes. This he seems to have done.</p><br>
<p>The opportunity came about offering him a new career in the Colonies. In September 1716, his son Thomas Jr., then in his early twenties, married Charlotte Calvert, the fourteen-year-old daughter of the fourth Lord Baltimore Benedict Calvert, 4th Baron Baltimore. The marriage may not have been sanctioned by her family, for the couple had a clandestine wedding in the Fleet Prison, (Fleet Marriage) which was not publicly announced until February of the following year. In July 1731, Charlotte inherited 10,000 acres in northern Maryland called My Lady&#39;s Manor. The following month, Charlotte and her husband deeded the land to Brerewood with the intent that he would use the property to pay off Thomas Jr.’s creditors, of whom Brerewood was likely the largest.</p><br>
<p>In order to better organize the property, Brerewood, by then in his early sixties, went to Maryland, where he would spend the rest of his life. He is believed to have been an innovative and successful land manager, dividing the property into lots, obtaining tenants, (whom he insisted pay their debts), and founding a short-lived town called Charlotte Town on the site of the present Monkton, Maryland. Completing his resurrection as a man of importance, in 1741, Brerewood became clerk of Baltimore County, a well-remunerated position he held until his death on December 22, 1746.</p><br>
<p>Ringkøbing Fjord, despite its name, is in fact a shallow lagoon on the westcoast of Jutland.</p><br>
<p>Skjern River terminates in Ringkøbing Fjord with a large river delta system to the east, and the lagoon is shielded from the North Sea by a long isthmus named Holmsland Dunes to the west. On the Hvide Sande Canal in the middle of the isthmus, there is a floodgate that provides access to the sea to the west. The fjord is about 30 kilometers long and 2 to 3 meters deep. In the southwestern corner is the Tipperne peninsula, where there is a bird reservation. The town of Ringkøbing lies to the north-east. Ringkøbing Fjord was once affected by oxygen depletion, but today both plant and fish life abounds.</p><br>
<p>Ringkøbing Fjord was originally a bay, around which two sandbars have gradually built up, with a sandbank that has shifted repeatedly over time as a result of shifting water currents. In the mid-17th century, the bank was near Sønder Havrvig, but it gradually moved south as sand was deposited on the shoal from the north. By the late 18th century, it was close to the town of Nymindegab. On several occasions, the surrounding dunes collapsed from the effects of the water, causing the old outflow to fill with sand and creating problems for local fisherman. In 1891, a channel was therefore dug south of Nymindegab but, in 1910, it was replaced by a channel in Hvide Sande. A storm surge in 1911 created an opening of 230 meters and extensive flooding around the fjord. In 1915, the passage at the southern end of the fjord was therefore reopended while the one near Hvide Sande was closed. It was, however, later reopened with the establishment of a lock in 1931.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Erik Johannesen (1997): "Danmark Nu", Høst & Søn</p><br>
<p>Ben Bhraggie  is a hill in Scotland which rises to an elevation of 397 m above sea level. The hill dominates the skyline above the village of Golspie and is visible from many parts of east Sutherland. The 100-foot-tall statue which is perched on top is that of George Leveson-Gower, Marquess of Stafford and first Duke of Sutherland who became notorious through the part he played in the Highland clearances.</p><br>
<h2>George Leveson-Gower</h2><br>
<p>Leveson-Gower was born in 1758, the son of the Marquess of Stafford. In 1785 he married Elizabeth, daughter of the Earl of Sutherland. She had inherited the Earldom and its associated estates following a well-known legal case which established the unusual principle that the Earldom could pass through the female as well as the male line.</p><br>
<p>In the early nineteenth century the couple initiated sweeping reforms to their estate in Sutherland. This is where the Duke&#39;s reputation will vary, depending upon whom you are talking to. Some would say that he was shocked by the conditions his tenants were living in and he became convinced that the interior of Sutherland could not support these subsistence farmers long term. Advised to follow the latest economic and social theories he decided to resettle the population in new villages along the coast to make way for large sheep farms inland. The other - and probably more common view - is that he decided it would be more profitable for the estate to turn the land over to large scale sheep farming, and so the tenants would have to go, whether they wanted to or not.</p><br>
<p>Either way, these reforms led to thousands of people being evicted from their homes and farms. There are many accounts of people being forcibly evicted and houses, even whole settlements, being set on fire by the over zealous actions of the people employed by the Duke. The Sutherland clearances were not by any means the only clearances - this period saw similar occurrences throughout Scotland, not just in the Highlands but in many rural lowland areas as well. However the Sutherland clearances are among the most notorious.</p><br>
<p>Leveson-Gower was created first Duke of Sutherland for his services to politics in 1833, just a few months before his death. He died in July of that year at Dunrobin Castle and was buried at Dornoch Cathedral. In 1834 a subscription was started in order to pay for a monument in his memory. Subscriptions came in from far and wide, which is surprising given his reputation today. Work soon began and the stone for the massive base and plinth was quarried from the north east side of Ben Bhraggie, just 50 yards or so from the monument&#39;s location. The statue itself was sculpted by Sir Francis Chantrey and it was taken up to the top of the Ben in pieces by horse and cart. The monument, all 100 feet of it, was completed in 1837 and it has dominated the views of east Sutherland ever since. It is known locally as the "Mannie".</p><br>
<h2>The Mannie</h2><br>
<p>There have been calls for the statue to be removed or demolished. Graffiti has been sprayed across the plinth several times and the word "monster" was sprayed across it in green paint.</p><br>
<p>As recently as November 2011 two large sandstone sections were wrenched out from the massive plinth supporting the 100 ft high statue – the sections were left lying on the grass beside the statue.</p><br>
<p>Since the first attempt, recent repair work has since been undone and even more stones have been extracted from the northwest corner of the plinth. Police believe an ongoing campaign is being waged to topple the statue over.</p><br>
<p>An unsuccessful campaign was launched in 1995 by the late Sandy Lindsay, of Newtonmore, to tear down the statue, and erect a commemorative Celtic Cross or plaque dedicated to the victims of the Clearances. The campaign began a dialogue about the statue’s destruction and removal which still continues.</p><br>
<h2>Sport and the arts</h2><br>
<p>A network of mountain bike trails, the Highland Wildcat Trails, have been built on side of Ben Bhraggie. This features black and red graded routes, going from the summit of the hill down to the village of Golspie, including the longest singletrack descent in the UK at around 7 km.</p><br>
<p>Ben Bhraggie features in a sentimental Scots song Granny&#39;s Hieland Hame.</p><br>
<p>Boyd House, also known as the Presidents House and the OU White House, is the official residence of the president of the University of Oklahoma. The Universitys President, currently David L. Boren, lives in Boyd House as a primary residence free of charge. In 1976, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as "President&#39;s House, University of Oklahoma".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house that came to be known as Boyd House was built in 1906 by OUs first president, David Ross Boyd, for approximately $7,000. In 1908, Boyd was forced out as university president. He leased the property to the university until 1914, when OU acquired it from Boyd in a property swap. Seven subsequent university presidents lived in the house. Stratton D. Brooks, the universitys third president, remodeled the house over a period of seven years between 1915 and 1922 into its current Neoclassical Revival style, paying for its four Ionic columns out of his own pocket.</p><br>
<p>The house had no formal name; it was known as "The President&#39;s House", "The White House", or by the name of the occupant, i.e. "The Bizzell House". It hosted numerous significant historical figures, including Sir Alexander Fleming, John Philip Sousa, William Howard Taft, Harry S. Truman, and Niels Bohr.</p><br>
<p>In 1969 J. Herbert Hollomon, the universitys eighth president, moved into a newer residence off campus that was purchased by the university for his use, and his successors continued to live in the same house. The old building sat vacant until 1971, when it became office space. It was used as the universitys visitor center from 1979 to 1994. It was officially named Boyd House in 1982.</p><br>
<p>As a condition of his employment by the university, David Boren insisted that he live in Boyd House.</p><br>
<p>Goldfield Historic District is a historic district located in the center of Goldfield, Esmeralda County, Nevada. Roughly bounded by 5th Street and Miner, Spring, Crystal and Elliott avenues, the district encompasses 200 acre of the unincorporated community of Goldfield. The district contains nearly 120 buildings, most dating from the time of Goldfields initial boom, 1904 to 1909. Goldfield became a regional and national center of attention during Nevadas twentieth century mining boom, comparable to the Great Comstock era in the previous century.</p><br>
<p>On June 14, 1982 the district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Contributing properties in the district include:</p><br>
<p>Goldfield High School</p><br>
<p>Goldfield Hotel</p><br>
<p>Esmeralda County Courthouse</p><br>
<p>Caliente Railroad Depot is a historic Mission Revival Style railway station, located in Caliente, Lincoln County, Nevada. The Depot is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and is Nevada Historical Marker number 249.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Caliente Railroad Depot was built by the Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad (later the Union Pacific Railroad) in 1923 to serve the railroad&#39;s division point on the mainline between Los Angeles, California, and Salt Lake City, Utah.</p><br>
<p>The depot is a two story wood frame stucco building. The first floor held the passenger waiting room, station agent&#39;s office and other railroad offices. The second floor was used as a hotel.</p><br>
<p>The division point at Caliente served as a maintenance facility and was a base for helper locomotives. In the 1950s, as diesel locomotives replaced steam, the railroad no longer needed to use the Caliente site. Maintenance of the locomotives was moved to Las Vegas in 1948.</p><br>
<p>Until 1993, the station saw service on Amtrak&#39;s Desert Wind.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>In 1970, the building was turned over to the city of Caliente. In order to preserve the depot structure, the city moved its municipal services into the building. The Caliente Railroad Depot is now the Caliente city hall, library, and art gallery.</p><br>
<p>Lower Deer Creek Valley Historic District is a national historic district near Darlington, Harford County, Maryland, United States. It comprises approximately 15,020 acre in north central Harford County. The primary building material is stone taken from local quarries and used to construct houses, mills, schoolhouses, and churches. Also constructed of stone are many dependencies including springhouses, stables, tenant houses, meathouses, ice houses, and barns. The district&#39;s contributing standing structures date from the mid 18th century to the 1940s, and mostly built in vernacular styles. The valley contains approximately 350 separate historic properties.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Silver Houses Historic District is a national historic district near Darlington, Harford County, Maryland, United States. It is a group of mid-19th century farmsteads and a church in rural east central Harford County. The district comprises a total of 36 resources, including four stone residences with related agricultural outbuildings, and the site of a fifth stone house, marked by a large frame barn, a frame tenant house, and two outbuildings. The houses were built between 1853 and 1859 by members of the Silver family. The district also includes the Deer Creek Harmony Presbyterian Church, a Gothic-influenced stone building of 1871, designed by John W. Hogg.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Deer Creek Harmony Presbyterian Church, 440 Darlington Road</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Silver House and John A. Silver House Site, 3646 Harmony Church Road</p><br>
<p>Jeremiah P. Silver House, "Lebanon," aka "Seven Springs Farm," 337 Fox Road</p><br>
<p>Silas B. Silver House, "Silverton", 3643 Harmony Church Road</p><br>
<p>William F. Silver House, "Shadowstone Farm", 521 Darlington Road</p><br>
<p>Medical Hall Historic District is a historic home and national historic district near Churchville, Harford County, Maryland, United States. The home was constructed of stuccoed stone between 1825 and 1840 and is five bays long, two bays wide, and two and a half stories high. The façade features a centrally placed door with sidelights and a rectangular transom subdivided in a radiating pattern. Also on the property is a stone springhouse which 20th century owners have converted into a pumphouse and a stone cottage believed to be a 19th-century tenant house. The property is associated with John Archer , the first man to receive a degree in medicine in America. One of his sons was Congressman, judge of the circuit court, and Chief Justice of Maryland Stevenson Archer .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Down Hall is a Victorian country house and estate near Hatfield Heath in the English county of Essex, close to its border with Hertfordshire.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first Down Hall was a Tudor house, once owned by poet Matthew Prior. Prior was acquainted with landscaper Charles Bridgeman, who he commissioned to landscape the estates gardens. After Priors death in 1721 (just one year after buying the property), the house was passed to his friend Edward Harley, 2nd Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer, who undertook further rebuilding. Twenty years later, and with the house still unfinished, Harley died.</p><br>
<h3>Selwin family</h3><br>
<p>Upon Harley&#39;s death in 1741, the house was purchased by William for £4500. The estate remained in the Selwin family until 1902, where &ndash; on the death of Henry Selwin-Ibbetson, 1st Baron Rookwood (who had commissioned its full rebuilding in the late 1860s) &ndash; the Selwin and Ibbetson lineage died out.</p><br>
<h3>World War I</h3><br>
<p>During the First World War, the house was used as a sanatorium for wounded soldiers. The estate was affected by the post-World War I recession, and was subsequently sold at auction.</p><br>
<h3>Modern history</h3><br>
<p>Following its sale, the house was used as a school (Downham School, 1932&ndash;c.1967) and an antiques business and conference centre (1967&ndash;1986).</p><br>
<p>In 1986, the estate was purchased by the Veladail Group, who have operated the site as a four star hotel, conference centre and wedding venue since. British television personality Jade Goody wed her partner Jack Tweed at Down Hall on 22 February 2009. Down Hall is surrounded by 110 acre of woodland, parkland and landscaped gardens, some of which is protected by the Essex Wildlife Trust.</p><br>
<p>The 2009 Khan el-Khalili bombing was a bomb explosion that took place at 6:30 p.m. local time on 22 February 2009 in Khan el-Khalili, a souq in eastern Cairo, Egypt, killing a 17-year-old French teenager and injuring 24 other people. It was the first of the February 2009 Cairo terrorist attacks.</p><br>
<h2>Attack details</h2><br>
<p>The attack took place just after dark in front of a cafe crowded with people gathering to watch a televised football match. There were conflicting reports that the bomb was thrown from a balcony or from a motorcycle, Early reports suggest the explosive devices were "primitive".</p><br>
<h2>Responsibility</h2><br>
<p>According to security sources, there was no immediate claim of responsibility by any militant group, but three suspects had been taken into custody.</p><br>
<h2>Reactions</h2><br>
<p>Then French President Nicolas Sarkozy and then Prime Minister François Fillon condemned the attacks.</p><br>
<p>The attack has raised fear of the return of the Islamic militants groups to target Egypts tourism industry. The attacks were also speculated to be linked to anger over Egypts role in the Gaza conflict. The bombing caused concern for Cairo authorities, who saw the tourist industry devastated by bombings and shootings by Islamic militants in the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>Hotels&#39; revenues and occupancy rates fell resulting in the dismissal of workers.</p><br>
<p>The Clock Tower on top of Neely Hill in Rome, Georgia is one of the oldest landmarks in the city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The clock tower was built in 1871 under the direction of James Noble, Jr. and his family. It was originally built to hold the 250,000 gallons of water that would serve the city. 10 foot sheets of iron were used to build the frame of the tank, and red bricks surround it. The tank itself stood 63 feet tall and 26 feet wide. Atop the water tank, there is a bell and four clock faces located within a structure that stands 41 feet tall. Both the clock and bell were added in 1872, just one year after the original tower was built. The clocks were made by E. Howard Clock Company. Each face is nine feet in diameter, the hour hand is three feet, six inches long, and the minute hand is four feet, three inches long. The bell within the clock tower is made of genuine bronze and measures 40 inches wide. Engraved on the rim is the date 1872. With the addition of the clocks and bell the clock tower now stands 104 feet tall and can be seen from almost any part of downtown Rome. By the 1890s the tower could no longer support the city&#39;s water needs, and ceased to operate as a water tower. After the closing of the tower, it began to fall into a state of mild disrepair, it stayed in that state throughout the 20th Century.</p><br>
<h2>Recently</h2><br>
<p>The Rome Jaycees raised over $80,000, in 1986. The money was raised in order to provide landscaping on top of Neely Hill around the clock tower. The historical clock tower is now a museum, which opened in 1995, once again with the help of the Rome Jaycees. The inside of the water tank now displays works of art by local artist Chuck Smultz. Also inside are the 107 steps spiraling around the tower to the top.</p><br>
<p>Maryborough Courthouse is a heritage-listed courthouse at 170 Richmond Street, Maryborough, Fraser Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built in 1877 by John Thomas Annear for the Queensland Government. It is also known as Maryborough Court House and Government Offices. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<p>The complex was the first large court building designed for a rural town in Queensland. It was the forerunner for several other buildings in regional areas. The building is rectangular in form with corner towers and connecting verandahs, and was constructed in rendered brick, with timber work forming the verandahs. The building stands as part of the historic Wharf Street precinct in central Maryborough. The courthouse has been in continuous use by the supreme, district and magistrates courts of Queensland since it was completed in 1878, making it the longest serving and oldest courthouse in use in Queensland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Maryborough Courthouse was constructed in 1877 to the design of the then Queensland Colonial Architect, FDG Stanley for use as both a courthouse and as offices for Queensland Government departments. The building is the second Maryborough Courthouse replacing an earlier 1860s building constructed on another site.</p><br>
<p>The original township of Maryborough was situated, not in its current place, but on the north of the Mary River, after wharves were established in 1847-1848, to provide transport for wool from sheep stations on the Burnett River. In 1852 the growing town was gradually transferred further south where ships were better able to navigate the river. Development followed and by March 1861, Maryborough was declared a municipality (the Borough of Maryborough) and Henry Palmer was appointed as the first Mayor.</p><br>
<p>During the late 1860s and 1870s Maryborough developed rapidly as the port of the nearby Gympie goldfields. The first circuit court hearings were held in local hotels from the late 1850s. In about 1856 a permanent courthouse and lockup for Maryborough were designed by Alexander Dawson, Colonial Architect of New South Wales. By 1857 the New South Wales Government voted that the sum of £1000 be spent on the erection of a courthouse and lockup, but it seems this was not completed until after the Separation of Queensland in the early 1860s and seems to be unattributable to Alexander Dawson. These brick buildings, supposedly the first brick structures in Maryborough, were built on the corner of Kent and Adelaide Streets, on the site of the present City Hall, which had been reserved for courthouse use in early Maryborough surveys. Repairs and additions were made to these buildings in 1871 but, soon after, plans were being prepared for a new courthouse. This was to be constructed on another site several blocks to the east of the first site, which had become available in 1874 following the relocation of the emigration barracks and the consequent extension of the adjacent Queen&#39;s Park.</p><br>
<p>FDG Stanley, the Colonial Architect of Queensland was responsible for the design of the new building. Stanley arrived in Queensland in 1861 from Scotland where he trained. He was appointed to the Office of the Colonial Architect in 1863 as a clerk of works and in 1872 succeeded Charles Tiffin as the Colonial Architect. Prior to being asked to design the Maryborough Courthouse, Stanley was already experienced in the design of large public buildings, although this was early in his prolific career in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Stanley conceived the Maryborough Courthouse as a double-storeyed arcaded pavilion with towers at each corner, sited between Queens Park and the adjacent street. The footprint of the building was set well back from Wharf Street providing space for a garden forecourt with Jacaranda trees enhancing the principal entrance. Stanley write a memo about his proposal for the Courthouse in September 1875:the design has been arranged so as to place offices of the Department of Roads, Public Lands and Survey on the ground floor as being more readily accessible from the street, and the courts and offices associated therewith on the upper floor as being removed from noise and as being in a better position as regards ventilation. The material to be employed is brick on stone foundations faced in cement when not covered by verandahs; the roof to be slated and the internal finishings of a plain substantial character.The necessity of segregating the top and bottom floors caused Stanley to provide two separate stair halls at each end of the pavilion within the two corner towers nearest the park, at the rear of the building, to which access was provided from the north eastern verandah. The northern stair gave access for judges and barristers and the eastern stair was provided for prisoners escorted by police and the public.</p><br>
<p>The Maryborough Courthouse was constructed for about £7,345 after Stanley&#39;s initial estimation of about £5,500. Tenders were called on 20 October 1875 and on 19 November 1876 the lowest tender of local contractor, John Thomas Annear was accepted who undertook to complete the building within twelve months. The building was occupied, at least partially, by August 1877.</p><br>
<p>Stanley remained in the position of Colonial Architect for effectively ten years, from 1871 until 1881, during which time and with the help of his staff he produced many fine public buildings throughout Queensland, including several Maryborough buildings. The former courthouse was retained at its original site and became used as a quarters for police and was demolished to make way for the construction of the new Town Hall in 1908.</p><br>
<p>Many alterations have occurred since construction within the Courthouse precinct affecting both the setting and the building fabric. Firstly, stables were added by 1878. Very soon after construction another stair was built in the part of the south-east verandah and for dedicated public use, where previously they were sharing the prisoner&#39;s stair. During the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century window shades were added, repair and repainting work was done and additional closets were built.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor of the courthouse provided offices for Queensland Government departments. However, more floor space was needed for the government departments and therefore a decision was made to erect a new building. This was in line with government policy for encouraging capital works in the 1930s to overcome the effect of the Great Depression. The Government Offices Building was designed by the Department of Public Works and two staff members seem to have been involved on the project. Two drawings of the proposed building were prepared. The first set was drawn by Gilbert Robert Beveridge and included elevations, ceiling and roof plans and general layouts of the site and the other, by Raymond Clare Nowland is a detailed floor plan. The addition of the Government Offices Building in 1939 between Wharf Street and the courthouse replaced the established garden and dramatically altered the context of the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>Because the construction of the new offices solved problems of space in the courthouse, the courthouse was remodelled internally at the same time. This remodelling occurred in 1942 at a cost of £4,851 and involved limiting access to Richmond Street, removing internal partitions on the ground floor level and removing six fireplaces. Also new stairs were constructed in three of the four corners of the building and a stables was demolished to make way for an air raid shelter.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Maryborough Courthouse is a two storeyed rendered brick building, situated on the edge of Queen&#39;s Park, facing Richmond Street and the principal facade of Customs House across Richmond Street.</p><br>
<p>The building has a rectangular-shaped floor plan and a corrugated iron gabled roof. Lining the facades of the building are double-storeyed verandahs, or loggias, which are recessed between rusticated corner pavilion towers. The verandahs are semi-enclosed on the ground floor by a light timber framed arcade supported on timber columns. Circular timber motifs appear in the open spandrels of the arches. The upper level of the verandah comprises a number of regularly spaced timber posts with cross-braced timber balustrading. The timber posts support a skillion awning which has a wide facia board where decorative timber brackets are aligned with the posts below. Above the verandah on the two short sides of the building are three semi-circular openings above which is the gabled end of the roof. Centrally located on the edge of the verandah of the ground floor of the long elevations of the building, facing the park and the Government Offices, are masonry pavilion entrances with round arched entrances.</p><br>
<p>The square planned corner pavilion towers between which the verandahs are placed, are rusticated at ground floor level with a round arched opening on each face, and smooth rendered on the first floor with a group of three round arched openings. Above these openings is a substantial cornice supported on closely spaced timber brackets. Above this moulding is a simple corniced parapet concealing the roofs of the pavilions. The parapet has a central moulded panel of interlocking circles.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed to accommodate offices on the ground floor and a courtroom and associated office space on the upper floor. The ground floor is presently essentially open plan with offices at the rear of the floor. The ground floor has a plaster ceiling with darkly stained timber grid framing. Regularly throughout the open section of the floor are substantial square planed stop-chamfered rendered masonry columns. The rear offices are formed with plaster rendered walls and feature similar coffered ceiling framing.</p><br>
<p>The upper floor is accessed via a concrete stair in the southern tower, dating from the early 1940s. An open balcony on the first floor acts as an entrance vestibule to the courtroom which is entered via a double timber door. The courtroom is a large open plan room fitted with nineteenth century furniture. The original ceiling has been concealed with a suspended grid ceiling, housing lighting and other services. The room is naturally lit with a number of large windows and french lights opening onto the adjacent verandahs. Above these openings are high level semi-circular windows which sit on a string course lining the room. The walls are painted and bagged brickwork with a plaster skirting board.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Maryborough Courthouse was listed in the Register of the National Estate on 21 March 1978. It was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Maryborough Courthouse, constructed in 1877, demonstrates the growth of Maryborough in the 1860s and 1870s as a result of the discovery of gold in Gympie, for which Maryborough became the principal port. The building demonstrates the early civic history of Maryborough and has special social value for the community for its long and continued use as a public building.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Courthouse is a good example of a Queensland courthouse of the nineteenth century, with classical architectural influences, adapted to the sub-tropical Maryborough climate. The layout and form of the building are characteristic of a late nineteenth century courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building has aesthetic significance as a well composed Maryborough landmark with inherent formal qualities, symmetrical massing and repetitive rhythmic detailing which combine to produce a strong composition in its Queens Park setting which contributes to its aesthetic value. The building forms an integral component of a civic precinct with the adjacent State Government Offices, which although later are clearly designed to harmonise with the Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Courthouse has special associations with its designer, FDG Stanley who was Queensland&#39;s most prolific Colonial Architect.</p><br>
<p>Charters Towers Courthouse is a heritage-listed courthouse at 28 Hodgkinson Street, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John James Clark and built in 1886 by Charles Miller. It is also known as Charters Towers Courthouse. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Charters Towers Courthouse was designed in 1885 by the Queensland Colonial Architect, John James Clark, as one of a series of substantial courthouses in major regional centres. It was completed in 1887 and extended by the addition of a wing in 1890.</p><br>
<p>Discovered in late 1871, Charters Towers became the richest of the North Queensland mining fields. The field was proclaimed a municipality (the Borough of Charters Towers) in 1877 and had become a prosperous settlement by 1882 when the Great Northern Railway line connected Charters Towers to the coast. Charters Towers gold was in deep reefs and the equipment needed to extract and process it was financed by substantial southern and overseas investment. The town became a major regional centre providing employment for a considerable number of people.</p><br>
<p>The 1880s was a period of expansion in Queensland generally as the economy enjoyed a boom and people poured into the colony. This necessitated an increase in police numbers and court facilities. In fact, police and judiciary facilities were constructed at such a pace in this period that it became difficult to obtain suitably qualified contractors. Charters Towers was amongst a number of regional centres where substantial new courthouses were erected, probably in response to the increase in its importance and population and in keeping with the handsome new buildings then rapidly replacing the modest structures of the early township.</p><br>
<p>The new courthouse was designed by noted architect J.J. Clark, who was at the time Colonial Architect. John James Clark was born and trained in Liverpool, England. He arrived in Melbourne in 1853 and won a number of architectural competitions; his success in such competitions being a feature of his career. Clark designed some major public buildings in Melbourne, including the Treasury, then moved to Sydney in 1881 and in 1883 became Queensland Colonial Architect. Although he left the position in 1885, he was responsible for some important public buildings during this time, including courthouses at Mackay, Rockhampton and Warwick. They and the Charters Towers courthouse were designed in the classical revival style thought appropriate for public buildings intended to convey a sense of stability and dignity, particularly a courthouse which represented the power of the law.</p><br>
<p>The Charters Towers courthouse was constructed by contractor Charles Miller at a cost of £4650 and opened on 9 February 1887. The local newspaper, The Northern Miner, indulged in some critical remarks about the appearance of the building, describing it as "unpretentious", but admitted that it was commodious and well ventilated. In general style and layout it resembled that of the courthouse at Mackay, built about the same time. Apart from the court, rooms were provided for the judge, police magistrate, Clerk of Petty Sessions, jury, witnesses and gold warden, plus a number of other offices. Even so, by 1890 the building had become inadequate, reflecting the rapid growth of the city. Local building contractor, Benjamin Toll, was employed to construct a large brick extension with verandahs on three sides alongside the court and connected to it.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse has changed little since and has served the Charters Towers and district community in this capacity for over a hundred years, with the 1890s wing now providing office space for the Department of Mines and Energy and the Department of Natural Resources.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse consists of 2 brick buildings parallel to each other and connected at the rear. They are situated on a large government reserve at the corner of Hodgkinson and Church Streets, Charters Towers, along with the former School of Mines.</p><br>
<p>The original courthouse is a classical revival building of rendered brick with a corrugated iron roof and is set well back facing Hodgkinson Street. The core of the building is the court room which rises to 2 storeys and is approached through a slightly lower portico with a Tuscan order arcade of 3 bays separated by square pilasters rising through 2 stories to the triangular pediment, which has a circular louvred vent in its centre. This entrance is flanked by single storey attached pavilions with pyramid roofs. These have pairs of sash windows shaded by a sun hood on cast iron brackets. The rear of the building has similar pavilion style wings linked by a verandah, and a verandah links the front and rear pavilions on the western side. The eastern verandah area is now used for disabled parking. The rear pavilion on the eastern side is linked to the newer building and now houses a tea room. It retains a chimney and corner fireplace. Other rooms to the rear include offices and a strong room. The court room is still in use for this purpose and has plastered walls and a rather austere coffered ceiling. There is a public gallery at the northern end. It retains cedar furniture and fittings.The 1890s extension building is set back from the older building and only joins it towards the rear. It is constructed of brick with a gambrel roof clad in corrugated iron and is basically rectangular in form. For much of its length it is free standing, having a ground floor verandah and awning which encircles the front and sides. This is supported on posts with decorative brackets. The building is symmetrical and has its own central entrance consisting of double doors flanked by windows and approached from across the verandah by low steps.</p><br>
<p>It houses the offices of the Department of Justice and Attorney General and other government department tenancies.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Charters Towers Courthouse was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Charters Towers, as an extraordinarily rich goldfield, made a major contribution to the economy of Queensland and to the development of the North. The Charters Towers Courthouse, constructed in 1886 and extended in the 1890s, demonstrates the growth of Charters Towers as a major goldfield and reflects its importance as a regional centre in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The court room remains substantially unchanged since completion and retains the major components of its original furniture, which is now rare.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse is characteristic of major regional courthouses, influenced by classical revival styles imbuing tradition and authority and providing a lofty courtroom with attendant offices. It is a fine example of a public building of its era and demonstrates the high quality work produced by the Colonial Architect&#39;s office in the late nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>As a substantial and prominently sited public building, of architectural merit, it makes an important visual contribution to the character of Charters Towers.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse has had a long connection with the people of Charters Towers and the surrounding district as the focus for the administration of justice in the area.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>As a major public building designed during his tenure as Colonial architect, the courthouse has important associations with the life and work of JJ Clark who made an important contribution to the development of architecture in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Cloncurry Courthouse is a heritage-listed courthouse at 42-48 Daintree Street, Cloncurry, Shire of Cloncurry, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Department of Public Works  and built in 1897 by Murray and Litster. It is also known as Cloncurry Court House. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The present Cloncurry Court House is the second on site and was erected in stages between 1897 and 1961.</p><br>
<p>The Cloncurry district was subject to pastoral settlement from the mid-1860s. Access to artesian water from the 1890s enabled the grazing of sheep and cattle to succeed despite severe drought and in what is essentially a semi-arid environment.</p><br>
<p>Mining also proved a significant activity in the district, although a less stable one than pastoralism. Gold was first discovered in the area in 1867, and from the late 1860s through the last three decades of the 19th century, gold was found and mined throughout the district, although as a series of short lived fields. In 1867 Ernest Henry, often referred to as "the father of Cloncurry", discovered copper in the area, not far from the present town of Cloncurry, although the boom era for copper mining was not reached until the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The township of Cloncurry was established in the early 1870s to serve a remote and isolated area in the far north west of Queensland. It was officially declared a Country Post Office in 1871, and in 1872 a general store and a hotel were opened. Early transportation was by horse, bullock and camel teams, and later by Cobb & Co coaches.The Great Northern railway line to the east coast was not extended to Cloncurry until December 1908. Cloncurry prospered in the 1880s, when prices for pastoral produce remained buoyant and mining activity increased.</p><br>
<p>A police contingent of 4 men and an Inspector had been stationed in tents at Cloncurry from 1870, but it was not until 1880 that a permanent Clerk of Petty Sessions was appointed, and Cloncurry&#39;s first Police Magistrate was appointed in 1882. At that time there were still no permanent police quarters, and the lock-up was a slab hut with a bark roof. In 1883 the Department of Public Works called tenders for a timber building to serve as a Court house, police quarters and lockup. This was completed in 1885, and the first Court sat in March 1900. From 1907 this building was used for police purposes only and was demolished in 1965.</p><br>
<p>The administration of justice was brought to sparsely settled and isolated areas by means of small court houses combined with, or attached to, police stations and served by visiting magistrates. Cloncurry was designated a District Court Area in 1889, but almost a decade passed before a new court house was completed in July 1898 by Murray and Litster at a cost of £728. This court house was a rectangular, two-roomed, timber-framed structure with exposed studwork and a wide verandah to all four sides.</p><br>
<p>In the first two decades of the 20th century, Cloncurry prospered with the boom in copper prices and the corresponding increase in copper mining activity in the district. In 1906 Cloncurry became a Circuit Court centre. In 1907 the size of the court complex was more than doubled with the addition of a new court room and offices for the judge, barristers, court warden and jurors. The existing court was shifted slightly to adjoin the new section and became offices for the Clerk of Petty Sessions and for the government surveyor. This addition gave the building a new elevation to Sheaffe Street.</p><br>
<p>In 1914 further alterations were made to provide for officers from other government departments, including the land commissioner, mining registrar and inspector of machinery. A new hip-roofed wing was constructed at the southern end of the building which contained two rooms and extended the western verandah. A separate, 2 roomed structure was linked to the rear verandah by a covered way and accommodated drafting and records.</p><br>
<p>In 1953 a toilet block and strongroom was added and in 1961 the last major addition occurred when a four roomed wing was added to the 1914 section. This was built under the same roofline and continued the weatherboard cladding and existing window hood detail. The inspectorship of the police district was transferred from Cloncurry in 1963 as Mount Isa had developed to become the more important regional centre, however the court continues in use. In 1966 a new station, cells and quarters were constructed. Conservation work on the courthouse was undertaken in 1977 with state government funding. It continues to operate for its original purpose.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The 1897 section is a rectangular, two-roomed, timber-framed structure with exposed studwork, a hipped corrugated iron roof, and a 2.13 metre wide verandah to four sides, sections of which have been enclosed. Off the rear (eastern) verandah of the 1898 section is a hip-roofed 1953 block containing toilets and a strongroom. The walls, ceiling and floor of the strongroom are constructed of reinforced concrete; the remainder of the building is constructed of timber.</p><br>
<p>Attached to the southwest corner of the 1898 section is the 1907 addition. This comprises a T-shaped timber-framed building clad with weatherboard, with a 2.43 metre verandah around 3 sides of the stem of the T (which contains the courtroom), and around the rear offices, permitting the verandah of the new building to link with that of the 1897 building. The entrance addresses Sheaffe Street, and is articulated by a gable roof to the verandah at this point. The roof of this section is also of galvanised corrugated iron. The 1907 courtroom has a coved ceiling of tongue-and-groove pine, and walls of vertical boarding.</p><br>
<p>Off the southeast corner of the 1907 section, at the rear, is a long hip-roofed wing constructed in two stages: 2 rooms in 1914 and 4 in 1961. Both sections are timber-framed with weatherboard cladding and have the same window hood detail over exposed windows and doors. Both open onto a north-facing verandah, joined to the 1907 section.</p><br>
<p>There is a two-roomed timber pavilion linked to the rear (eastern) verandah of the 1907 section by what was originally an 5.50 metre long covered way, which is now completely joined to the eastern verandah. This section is timber-framed with horizontal weatherboard cladding and sunshades over exposed windows and doors. There are 4 toilets, added in later stages, to the south of the covered way.</p><br>
<p>Apart from the strongroom, all sections of this building are raised on low concrete stumps.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Cloncurry Court House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Cloncurry Court House is important in illustrating the development of Cloncurry and district, reflecting the importance of Cloncurry as a regional and administrative centre in the late 19th and early 20th century. This court house and the site on which it is located have been associated with the administration of justice in the region since the mid-1880s. The additions and adaptations also reflect the way in which provision has been made for increasing services to match the needs of the area with regard to mining and pastoralism.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Cloncurry Court house is a good example of a building serving a number of important governmental functions and extended over time while adhering to the original design principles. It provides a demonstration of building techniques within the traditional style between 1897 and 1961.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Cloncurry Court House has had a long connection with the people of Cloncurry and the surrounding district as the focus for a range of important government services.</p><br>
<p>The Captain Whidbey Inn, a lodging and hospitality establishment built in 1907, is located on Whidbey Island at the west end of Penn Cove just outside Coupeville, Washington. It is part of the National Register of Historic Places listed Central Whidbey Island Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Captain Whidbey Inn was built in the fall and winter of 1907 from Madrona logs and stone found on-site by Chris Fisher and his son Edward. The post and beam construction, with the log infill, sits intact as originally built. Larry Fisher, Chris Fisher’s great-grandson, still works occasionally on the inn. It was opened in May 1907 as part of a large recreation retreat then-called Still Park. The inn and park were developed by Judge Lester Still. The park also had camping, cabins, horse trails, tennis courts and a warm salt water swimming pool. A collection of pictures from that period remain in a history collection at the inn.</p><br>
<p>The inn originally contained 15 sleeping rooms upstairs and a large gathering room downstairs with a two-sided fireplace. The fireplace was faced with native stone; it still forms the central meeting place for the inn. Daily steamers from both Seattle and Everett were the original links to the outside world bringing passengers, supplies and mail to the dock located at the eastward-facing front of the inn. Parts of the original dock and stone stairway can still be seen while walking the current pier. Automobile access was available via ferry before Deception Pass Bridge was completed in 1935; Judge Still is credited with bringing the first automobile to Whidbey Island. The vehicle can still be seen at the. Over time, the Inn has served as a general store, a girls&#39; school, and a post office. The property returned to offering accommodations open to the public in 1946.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>Today, the inn appears very similar to the way it was when it was built. The original wood floors are still visible in both the lobby and the bar. The large gathering room has become the dining room, kitchen, and Judge Still&#39;s Tavern. Over the years, electricity as well as high speed cable and Wi-Fi have been installed and upgraded throughout the building. The original inn now houses two suites and 10 regular rooms upstairs overlooking Penn cove and the gardens. The original cabins are now gone and have been replaced by four waterside cabins with private decks, views of Penn Cove and kitchens. The Lagoon Building houses 13 rooms that overlook the lagoon lawn and lagoon. Each of these room has a unique style filled with rustic charm. Guests can arrive either by car or at the inns dock by boat or float plane.</p><br>
<p>The Battery Maritime Building is a ferry terminal at 11 South Street at the corner of South and Whitehall Streets near South Ferry at the tip of Manhattan Island in New York City. It is used for excursion trips and, since 1956, as the ferry terminal to Governors Island. The Beaux-Arts building was built from 1906 to 1909 as the Municipal Ferry Pier, and was used by ferries traveling to 39th Street in Brooklyn. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Designed by the firm Walker and Morris, it used a variety of architectural metals, including cast iron, rolled steel, and stamped zinc and copper, and the vaults under the porch roof utilize Guastavino tiles. The building was originally constructed with a wide central stairway to large upper level waiting room. The upper level had a direct connection to the elevated train station that served it, the Staten Island Ferry Whitehall Terminal, and Lower Manhattan. The terminal had three slips: 5, 6, and 7, its lower level serving as a vehicular loading area for wagons and motor vehicles. A Staten Island Ferry Terminal was constructed at the same time and appeared as a two slip twin. That building was gutted by fire in 1991 replaced with an interim structure that was replaced in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Brooklyn ferry service shut down on March 15, 1938, and the 140,000 sq. ft. building was used by various city agencies. In subsequent years, its original multi-colored appearance was replaced by a paint color intended to emulate the copper patina of the Statue of Liberty.</p><br>
<p>In 1956, the USA Army began use of the terminal to provide service to an Army post, Fort Jay on Governors Island. Replacing smaller steam-power ferries with two larger new diesel-electric boats, the Army required larger ferry slips and docks, moving their ferry operation from an open ferry slip located at the Barge Office, west of the Staten Island Ferry Terminal to the Battery Maritime Building. When the United States Coast Guard took over Governors Island from the Army in 1966, they continued to use the terminal to provide vehicle and passenger service to the island for its 3,000 residents and 2,000 daily commuters until its departure in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Between 2001 and 2005, in a 36 million dollar renovation, the exterior of the building and its deteriorating wooden piers were restored and its exterior repainted in its original multiple color scheme by Jan Hird Pokorny Architects.</p><br>
<p>During the summer season, public ferry service to Governors Island continues from the Battery Maritime Building, operated by the Trust for Governors Island, an agency for the City of New York, since 2003.</p><br>
<p>Friendship Baptist Church is a church located at 900 Delaware Avenue SW in the Southwest Waterfront neighborhood of Washington, D.C. It was originally known as Virginia Avenue Baptist Church. Organized in 1875, the church is one of Washington, D.C.&#39;s oldest African-American congregations.</p><br>
<h2>Former building</h2><br>
<p>The former church building, located at 734 First Street SW, was built by James A. Boyce in 1886. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The First Street church building is now occupied by the Blind Whino Arts Club, and was repainted with a full wrap-around mural.</p><br>
<p>The building has a central gable facade with two corner towers. It is described as having "a vernacular interpretation of the Romanesque Revival style with some Gothic Revival details (namely lancet arch windows)."</p><br>
<p>The Diy-Gid-Biy  sites are archaeological sites located around the Mandara Mountains of northern Cameroon and Nigeria, overlooking the several kilometers long Shikewe watershed. These sites get their name Diy-Gid-Biy from the Mafa language, which can be translated as "place of chiefly residence." There are 16 of these DGB sites which date back to around the 15th century AD.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<h3>The site</h3><br>
<p>The Diy-Gid-Biy sites are of varying sizes, with DGB-1 and 2 being the largest. They are spread out over approximately 25 km, although DGB-1 and 2 are only 100 meters apart and are sometimes referred to as the same site. The DGB sites are constructed in a system of terraces and platforms built using a dry stone architecture that doesn&#39;t appear in any other sites using local granite and rocks, with stairs and silos being placed throughout. After studying various sections of whole and collapsed walls, archaeologists discovered that the walls were not constructed with shaped square stones, but rather built using stones naturally lying around and carefully fitted together with smaller stones propping up and holding together the walls. Based on research done by archaeologists, the DGB sites were built in several phases by the original builders who created sever layers of terraces and expanded the sites. The sites were then abandoned by the builders, but some were later on modified by the Mafa who filled in some of the areas with rubble and repurposed the bricks for various reasons.</p><br>
<p>The DGB sites have drawn in archaeologists, not only because of their unique structure and build, but because throughout most of the Manda Mountains there appears little evidence of occupation older than two centuries, while the plains below the mountains have presented archaeologists with sites dating back approximately 2,500 years ago. In fact, the DGB sites are the only coherent sites that have been found in the Mandara Mountains dating back so far.</p><br>
<p>Through the use of radiocarbon dating, archaeologists have been able to determine that the majority of the 16 sites were first constructed in the 15th century, although the wide range of dates from the various stages of development had originally made it difficult to figure out the structures beginnings. DGB-1 is a unique anomaly though in that radiocarbon dating places that particular site&#39;s origins back farther to around 1250 AD. At this site there has also been evidence that a pre-DGB culture lived at this location before construction was started, but little is truly known about this earlier people.</p><br>
<h3>Excavation and discovery</h3><br>
<p>Although knowledge of the sites has existed for many years, true archaeological research only began in 2001 with the excavations of DGB-2 and 8 by Nicholas David. A number of artifacts have been found at the sites, with items such as various ceramics originating from the Mandara Mountain region. Other artifacts that have been found are unfamiliar iron objects, a ground greenstone axe, upper grindstones, quartz hammerstones, and grindstone-mortars. While most of the objects found originate back to a time before the Mafa lived in the region, archaeologists have noted that the ceramics that have been found are barely, if at all, different from modern Mafa pottery.</p><br>
<p>At DGB-1 though, while regional items such as pottery and stone tools were found, other artifacts such as copper and glass items that didnt originate from the area were discovered as well, thus indicating that the people of DGB-1 had contact with peoples of other areas, something that wasnt as evident through previously excavated artifacts. In fact, other archaeological excavations of the Mandara region have presented a lack of artifacts originating from outside the area, with DGB-1 being basically the only site to show evidence of contact with areas beyond the Mandara region.</p><br>
<p>Other artifacts that have been found at DGB-1 include iron spear tips and iron arrow heads found under the floor of the site, as well as an iron hoe and chain. These finds suggest that the inhabitant at one point smelted iron and forged their own tools, although it is unknown when these items were made. The make of the iron artifacts has also been compared to iron items made by the Mafa of today, which bear a likeness to the artifacts, even though the Mafa and the builders of the DGB sites are not one and the same.</p><br>
<h3>Hypothesis of use</h3><br>
<p>Based on the archaeology done around the sites, as well as traditions used by the modern Mafa of the region, experts believe that the DGB sites were constructed as ritual structures relating to rain and water. The DGB sites began to appear around the time that a severe drought was occurring in the region, and so the construction makes sense in regards to ritual practices of the Mafa today who inhabit the region. Archaeologists have also found a large amount of sand and gravel from a local river that had been brought to DGB-2 and 8, possibly as a physical representation of flowing water.</p><br>
<p>Several other suggestions as to the purpose of the DGB sites have also been given, especially in the description of the sites presented in the UNESCO World Heritage tentative list. These purposes include the sites being defensive forts or places of refuge in times of war, places of burial for local chiefs, locations of residence for the elites of the region, and/or market centers or places of trade. While some of these ideas at the moment lack evidence to back them up, the construction of the DGB sites with towers and walls has supported the idea of the locations being defensive structures, while the finding of artifacts that didn&#39;t originate from the region has also convinced others that at least DGB-1 may have had a purpose in regards to engaging with foreign peoples. These foreign artifacts have even led some archaeologists, such as Nicholas David, to the hypothesis that at least the DGB-1/2 sites acted as places of interchange with peoples to the north, possibly as a place of trade.</p><br>
<h3>Possible interactions</h3><br>
<p>A number of archaeologists have presented the concept that a great deal of the interactions that occurred with foreign peoples at DGB-1 seem to have happened around the same time that European and Arabic writers noted the rise of Wandala, otherwise known as the Mandara Kingdom. Thus experts believe that some sort of trade occurred between the two peoples, as well as there possibly being a relationship between the creation of the DGB sites and Wandala around the same time.</p><br>
<h2>World Heritage Status</h2><br>
<p>This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on April 18, 2006 in the Cultural category and continues to remain on the Tentative list today. Reasons for presence in the list include: because they provide a link between the past and present history of the Mandara region, they provide a unique archaeological perspective to the area as sites that stand on their own, and they are viewed by different native peoples as sacred ground which brings them closer to the spirits through the construction of many different alters constructed on or around the sites.</p><br>
<p>Beth Israel Synagogue "Also known as Canaan Institutional Baptist Church, 31 Concord St., Norwalk</p><br>
<p>Beth Israel Synagogue is a historic Orthodox synagogue building located at 31 Concord Street in the South Norwalk section of the city of Norwalk, Connecticut. The Moorish Revival style building is the only known synagogue building in Connecticut displaying Moorish onion domes, and an unusual example of an urban wood-frame synagogue. It was built in 1906. Since 1972 the building has been owned by Canaan Institutional Baptist Church. (Beth Israel&#39;s Orthodox congregation is now known as Beth Israel of Norwalk/Westport and worships in a new building at 40 King Street in Norwalk.)</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s design is influenced by that of the 1872 Central Synagogue in New York City, which also has onion domes. While the onion domes are an unusual detail, the architecture is otherwise within usual standards for synagogues in Connecticut. Beth Israel is further the only frame-construction, rather than wood-frame, synagogue in Connecticut of its era.</p><br>
<p>McDougall Lake is a lake in Wells Gray Provincial Park in east-central British Columbia, Canada. It drains through File Creek into Murtle Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Naming</h2><br>
<p>McDougall Lake and McDougall Falls on the Murtle River were named for Pete McDougal who homesteaded in the Clearwater River Valley from 1913 to 1936. The different spelling of these names has evolved over the years.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>There is no road or trail to McDougall Lake. Some maps show a trail from Murtle Lake up File Creek, but it has been impassable since the 1980s. The Kostal Lake trail from Clearwater Lake was permanently closed by B.C. Parks in 2013. Float planes and helicopters are allowed to land at McDougall Lake with a permit from B.C. Parks.</p><br>
<p>Canoes and kayaks can be portaged from Murtle Lake around some outlet rapids on File Creek, then one can paddle 4 km upstream. The creek is impassable at a log jam, and a flagged route starts here. The hike to McDougall Lake is 6 km and takes about 3 hours cross-country over the lava flows from Kostal Volcano.</p><br>
<p>The Zigana Pass  is a mountain pass situated on the Pontic Mountains in Gümüşhane Province close to its border with Trabzon Province in northeastern Turkey. The pass, at 2,032 m above sea level, is on the route at a distance of 60 km from Gümüşhane and 120 km from Trabzon at the Black Sea coast. The pass is snow-covered five months a year.</p><br>
<p>The Zigana Tunnel under the pass, at an elevation of 1,795 m above sea level, is 1,702 m long, 11 m wide and has a maximum height of 8 m. It is one of longest tunnels in the country.</p><br>
<p>The namesake village of Zigana, located 3.5 km southwest of the tunnel, is a popular ski-resort.</p><br>
<p>Nearby Lake Limni is reachable on foot by a 3 m trail or by car on a 11 m paved road via Kalkanlı village.</p><br>
<p>On 25 January 2009, an avalanche killed 11 hikers on Mount Zigana.</p><br>
<p>Perunthenaruvi Waterfalls  are waterfalls from Pathanamthitta in Pathanamthitta District, Central Travancore region, Kerala State, India. It is a popular tourist destination situated in Vechoochira Panchayat of Ranni taluk. The one shore of this waterfall is Kudamurutty and Vechoochira is the other. The main route to this waterfall starts from Ranni - Athikkayam - Kudamurutty - Perunthenaruvi. It is a fine place to spend time with family in a very serene atmosphere.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name Perunthenaruvi derived from the two Malayalam words Perunthen (great honey) and aruvi (stream).</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Located on the Western Ghats of the Sahyadri Range, Perunthenaruvi is famous for the waterfalls there. The waterfalls are known for their wide area, rather than their height. The stream later unites with the Pamba River. It is beautiful and dangerous at the same time.</p><br>
<p>Boettcher Estate, also known as Kalama Beach Park, is a former beachfront estate in Kailua, Honolulu County, Hawaii, with a house designed by Vladimir Ossipoff and landscape designed by Richard Tongg. It became a municipal park in 1978 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Mae Bleakie Boettcher, the widow of the original owner and trustee of the Denver-based Boettcher Foundation, sold her estate to the City and County of Honolulu. She died in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The original home was designed for the Boettcher family in 1937 by Vladimir Ossipoff soon after he opened his own firm in Honolulu. After the city assumed ownership, the house and its 4 acre lot were restored and redesigned in several phases by Mason Architects of Honolulu to serve as Kalama Beach Park.</p><br>
<p>The area called Kalama (which means "The Torch" in the Hawaiian language) was Kailua&#39;s first housing tract, developed in 1925 by Harold K.L. Castle, who named it after Queen Kalama, the wife of King Kamehameha III, who previously owned the land in the Kailua area.</p><br>
<p>The Solomon Islands are an archipelago in the western South Pacific Ocean, located northeast of Australia. They are in the Melanesia subregion and bioregion of Oceania. The archipelago forms much of the territory of the nation of Solomon Islands, while the northwestern islands are within the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, in eastern Papua New Guinea.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Solomon Islands consist of both volcanic islands of varying activity and of coral atolls. Bougainville Island is the largest in the archipelago.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>The climate of the islands is tropical, however temperatures do not greatly fluctuate due to the heat sink of the surrounding ocean. Daytime temperatures are normally 25 to 32 C and 13 to 15 C at night. From April to October (the Dry Season), the southeast trade winds blow, gusting at times up to 30 knot or more.</p><br>
<p>November to March is the wet season, caused by the northwest monsoon, and is typically warmer and wetter. Cyclones arise in the Coral Sea and the area of the Solomon Islands, but they usually veer toward Vanuatu and New Caledonia or down the coast of Australia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Prehistory</h3><br>
<p>It is believed that Papuan-speaking settlers began to arrive around 30,000 BCE from New Ireland. It was the furthest humans went in the Pacific until Austronesian speakers arrived c. 4000 BCE, also bringing cultural elements such as the outrigger canoe.</p><br>
<p>It is between 1200 and 800 BCE that the ancestors of the Polynesians, the Lapita people, arrived from the Bismarck Archipelago with their characteristic ceramics. Most of the languages spoken today in the Solomon Islands derive from this era, but some thirty languages of the pre-Austronesian settlers survive (see East Papuan languages).</p><br>
<h3>European period</h3><br>
<p>The first European to visit the islands was the Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira, coming from the Viceroyalty of Peru to the Spanish East Indies in 1568. The people of Solomon Islands had engaged in headhunting and cannibalism before the arrival of the Europeans.</p><br>
<p>Missionaries began visiting the Solomons in the mid-19th century. They made little progress at first, because "blackbirding", the often brutal recruitment and relocation of labourers for the sugar plantations in Queensland and Fiji, led to a series of reprisals and massacres. In 1885 the Germans declared a protectorate over the northern islands, to form the German Solomon Islands Protectorate. The evils of the labour trade prompted the United Kingdom to declare a protectorate over the southern islands in June 1893, the British Solomon Islands Protectorate.</p><br>
<p>In 1900, under the Treaty of Berlin, the Germans transferred a number of their Solomon Islands to the British Solomon Islands Protectorate. The remaining German Solomon Islands, at the extreme northwest of the archipelago, were retained by Germany until they fell to Australia early on in the World War I. After the war the League of Nations formally mandated those islands to Australia along with the rest of German New Guinea, becoming Australian New Guinea.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the Territory of Papua and the Mandated Territory of New Guinea were within the Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit (1942–1946). After the war the Australian Territory of New Guinea was administered separately from the neighbouring Territory of Papua until the year 1949 when the two territories were formally united into the Territory of Papua and New Guinea.</p><br>
<h3>Independence</h3><br>
<p>The Territory of Papua and New Guinea became independent from Australia in the year 1975 as the modern state of Papua New Guinea. The Autonomous Region of Bougainville of Papua New Guinea was established in the northern Solomon Islands in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Following the independence of neighbouring Papua New Guinea from Australia in 1975, the British Solomon Islands gained self-government in 1976. Independence for the Solomon Islands nation was granted on 7 July 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The population of the Solomons is mostly Melanesian, although minority Polynesian and Micronesian communities exist. There has also been a large influx of Chinese immigrants.</p><br>
<h3>Language</h3><br>
<p>Many Melanesian languages (predominantly of the Southeast Solomonic group) and Polynesian languages are native to the area. Immigrant populations speak Micronesian languages. English is an official language in both areas of the archipelago.</p><br>
<h3>Religion</h3><br>
<p>The predominant religion on the islands is Christianity, with the largest denomination being the Anglican Church of Melanesia.</p><br>
<h2>Governance</h2><br>
<p>Governance of the Solomon Islands archipelago is split between the state of Solomon Islands and the Autonomous Region of Bougainville in Papua New Guinea. Both countries are constitutional monarchies and Commonwealth realms. Bougainville is considering independence from Papua New Guinea.</p><br>
<p>The Burraneer Bay is a bay on the lower estuarine Hacking River of Port Hacking in southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>With a catchment that drains many of the most southern suburbs of the Sutherland Shire, Burraneer Bay is located near where the Hacking River and Port Hacking estuary meet Gunnamatta Bay and empty into Bate Bay. The bays catchment area is bound by Port Hacking to the south, Gunnamatta Bay sub-catchment to the east, Dolans Bay sub-catchment to the west and the Woolooware Bay sub-catchment to the north. The bay is surrounded by the suburbs of to the north and east, to the northwest and west, and and to the southwest, at the bays junction with the estuary. A marina is located on the north western side of Burraneer Bay.</p><br>
<p>Notable residents that have lived in the area surrounding Burraneer Bay include cricket players Ricky Ponting and Glenn McGrath.</p><br>
<p>Burraneer is an Aboriginal word meaning "point of the bay". The bay was named by surveyor Robert Dixon in 1827, who chose many Aboriginal names for many of the bays in the area.</p><br>
<p>Čakovec Castle or Zrinski Castle  is a medieval fortification in the middle of the town of Čakovec, the administrative seat of Međimurje County, northern Croatia.</p><br>
<p>The castle is located in the Zrinski Park, not far from the city&#39;s central square, and is the biggest fortification in Međimurje County. It was constructed of hewn stone and red brick, and, during its more than 7-century-long history, subjected to several reconstructions. Today it is partly restored.</p><br>
<p>The castle&#39;s main palace houses the Međimurje County Museum, the biggest museum in the county, and its atrium is also used as an outdoor theatre during the summer months. The place was the scene of the Zrinski-Frankopan conspiracy, a significant event in the history of Croatia.</p><br>
<p>On 19 November 2007 Čakovec Castle was classified as protected cultural good in the Register of Cultural Goods of Croatia under No. N-23.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>First fortification was built in the 13th century by Count Dimitrius Csáky, after whom the city of Čakovec is named. It was later owned by many other notable families, including the House of Lacković, the Counts of Celje as well as the House of Ernušt, House of Zrinski, House of Feštetić and others.</p><br>
<p>Nikola Šubić Zrinski, Ban (viceroy) of Croatia and hero of Siget, was granted the castle together with the whole area of Međimurje on 12 March 1546 from King Ferdinand as a compensation for his battles against the Ottomans.</p><br>
<p>Nikola Šubić Zrinski&#39;s great-grandson Nikola VII Zrinski, long-term Ban of Croatia and famous warrior against the Turks, was born in Čakovec Castle in 1620 to Juraj V Zrinski and Magdalena Zrinski née Széchy. In his castle he established and owned a unique book collection named "Bibliotheca Zriniana".</p><br>
<p>In 1660 the castle was visited by Evliya Çelebi, Turkish traveller and writer, and in 1661 by Jacobus Tollius, Dutch philologist.</p><br>
<p>On 30 April 1738 castle was heavily damaged in an earthquake. It was immediately rebuilt and redesigned in baroque style, and it was given its present-day look. Water-filled moats, that entirely surrounded the castle, were later drained and filled with earth.</p><br>
<p>The Gallaudet College Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District encompassing the historic early campus of Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C. Gallaudet is the first school of higher education to be devoted to the education of the deaf and hard of hearing. Its campus was planned by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, and its Gothic buildings were designed by Frederick Withers. The main Gallaudet College building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965. The landmarked area was increased to cover the southern part of the campus, and was renamed as a historic district in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>An early school for the deaf was founded in 1857 by Amos Kendall, and was located on 8th Street NE. Edward Gallaudet, a superintendant of that school, envisioned a larger federally chartered institution, and in 1864 founded the Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, which was renamed in honor of his father in 1894. The master plan for the school&#39;s Washington campus was developed by the Olmsted, Vaux & Co. in 1866, and its first three buildings were designed by Vaux & Withers. Most of the master plan was carried out by 1878; a significant portion of that area has retained historic integrity and looks much as it did at its completion. The main exception is areas to the north and east, where the college (later university) has expanded.</p><br>
<p>The historic district covers about 15 acre of the Gallaudet campus, which is now about 90 acre in size. It is roughly L-shaped, bounded on the south by Florida Avenue and the east by Fowler and Kendall Halls. From Kendall Hall the boundary runs west, between Edward Miner Gallaudet and College Hall, north to the Old Gymnasium, and then west and south to include Professors Row. The district includes Chapel Hall, a major example of Collegiate Gothic architecture and the Presidents House, an elaborate example of High Victorian Gothic design, both designed by Frederick Withers as part of the original master plan.</p><br>
<p>Anderson House, also known as Larz Anderson House, is a Gilded Age mansion located at 2118 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, on Embassy Row in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C. It now houses the Society of the Cincinnati&#39;s international headquarters and a research library on 17th and 18th century military and naval history and the art of war. It is also open to the public as a historic house museum about life in Washington in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Anderson House was built between 1902 and 1905 as the winter residence of Larz Anderson, an American diplomat, and his wife, Isabel Weld Perkins, an author and American Red Cross volunteer. Architects Arthur Little and Herbert W.C. Browne of Boston, Massachusetts, designed the home in the Beaux-Arts style.</p><br>
<p>The Andersons used the house to entertain the social and political elite of America and abroad, as well as to showcase their collection of fine art and historic artifacts that the couple acquired in their extensive travels over the forty years of their marriage. The Andersons had no children. Following Larz Anderson&#39;s death in 1937, his widow donated the house and its contents to the Society of the Cincinnati, of which Larz Anderson had been a devoted member for more than forty years. The Society opened Anderson House as a museum in 1939. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 and was further designated a National Historic Landmark in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Today, Anderson House continues to serve its members and the public as a headquarters, museum, and library. Visitors to the museum at Anderson House can tour the first two floors of the house, decorated with the Andersons&#39; collection and interpreted to illuminate the world of entertaining and collecting in Washington. Visitors can also view changing exhibitions devoted to the history of the American Revolution, the Society of the Cincinnati, and Anderson House and its occupants.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the Andersons original collection, the Societys museum collections include portraits, armaments, and personal artifacts of Revolutionary War soldiers; commemorative objects made to remember the war and its participants; objects associated with the history of the Society and its members, including Society of the Cincinnati china and insignia; portraits and personal artifacts of members of the Anderson family; and artifacts related to the history of the house, including the USA Navys occupation of it during World War II. Anderson House has been featured on the A&E television series, Americas Castles, as well as C-SPAN.</p><br>
<p>Mosby Tavern, also called Old Cumberland Courthouse or Littleberry Mosby House, is a National Register of Historic Places building in Powhatan County, Virginia. Located southeast of the intersection of USA Route 60 and State Route 629 in Powhatan County, Virginia, with a street address of 2625 Old Tavern Road, it began as a small one-room house built by Benjamin Mosby in 1740, and remains a private residence today.</p><br>
<p>Mosby Tavern was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on April 11, 2003, and a monument was dedicated at the site on June 15, 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally located in Goochland County, Mosby Tavern was in the western part of the county which became Cumberland County in 1749. From the county&#39;s formation until the formation of Powhatan County in 1777, Mosby Tavern served as the Cumberland County courthouse and jail, as well as being a tavern and the private residence of the Mosby family. This, plus a popular racetrack across the road, made Mosby Tavern the center of the community. During the American Revolution the tavern also served as a rendezvous for the county militia.</p><br>
<p>For at least 100 years from its construction, Mosby Tavern was used as a private residence by the Mosby family, owned by: Benjamin Mosby, who purchased the land and constructed the original building in 1740; Colonel Littleberry Mosby Sr (also spelled "Littlebury") (17??-1809?); General Littleberry Mosby Jr (1757–1821), who was the third child, but the oldest living son at the time of his fathers death, and who was so disappointed that many family members left the area that he made Littleberry IIIs inheritance conditional on the condition his return to Virginia; Edward Mosby, Littleberry Jr&#39;s younger brother, to whom Mosby Tavern passed when Littleberry III died in Tennessee without returning.</p><br>
<p>The tavern was also used as the Powhatan County courthouse and jail until 1779, when the county seat was moved to a newly constructed courthouse in Scottville. After 1779 Mosby Tavern generally ceased to be used for public meetings, although the stature of the Mosby family in the area meant that even without official standing their home continued to play a major role in the social life of the area.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Mosby Tavern began as a small one-room house built by Benjamin Mosby in 1740. By the time Benjamins grandson, Littleberry Mosby Jr, owned it in the early nineteenth century it was a one-story, hall-parlor plan frame dwelling shown on early nineteenth century insurance policies as 34 by 28&#39;. According to tax records, the property value increased substantially in 1849 and 1859, and it is likely that most of the major additions were made during that time, expanding the house to a center hall-plan, two-story frame building with single-story wings. A two-story rear addition was constructed around 1950, and a rear porch was added in 1988, bringing the house to its present form.</p><br>
